I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger or distress, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete justice, and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards justice, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and, on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards justice that constitutes growth in wisdom.
Can wisdom be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these questions in the affirmative. I do not think that knowledge and morals ought to be too much separated. Even the best technicians should also be good citizens: and when I say
"citizens," I mean citizens of the world and not of this or that sect or nation. With every increase of knowledge and skill,wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase strengthens our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore strengthens our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. The world needs wisdom as it has never needed it before: and if knowledge continues to increase, the world will need wisdom in the future even more than it does now.
我认为智慧的本质是解放，尽可能地从这里和现在的暴政中解放出来。我们不能帮助我们的感官利己主义。视觉和声音和触摸被束缚在我们自己的身体和不能被人的客观。我们的情绪同样从我们自己开始。一个婴儿感到饥饿或痛苦，并没有受到影响，除了他自己的身体状况。随着岁月的流逝，他的视野开阔了，而且，在他的.思想和感情的比例愈来愈少人关心自己的身体状况，他获得越来越多的智慧。这当然是一个程度的问题。没有人能完全公正地去看世界，如果果有人能，他将很难存活。但是，一方面是可以不断地走向正义，一方面是因为在时间或空间上知道一些遥远的东西，另一方面，在我们的感情中给予这样的东西他们的应有的重量。正是这种对正义的态度，构成智慧的增长。
智慧能教吗？而且，如果它能，它的教学是教育的目标之一？我应该回答这些问题的肯定。我不认为知识和道德应该是太多的分离。即使是最好的技术人员也应该是好公民：当我说
“公民，”我的意思是世界公民，而不是这个或那个教派或国家的公民。每增加的知识和技能，智慧就变得越来越必要，因为每一个这样的增加都加强我们实现我们的目的的能力，并因此加强我们的邪恶能力，如果我们的目的是不明智的。世界需要智慧，因为它从未需要它：如果知识继续增加，世界将需
